විද්‍යුත් ප්‍රතිරෝධකතාව සහ සන්නායකතාව සඳහා මුලාශ්‍රය නරඹන්න

{{Infobox physical quantity
| name = Resistivity
| width =
| background =
| image = 
| caption = 
| unit = ohm meter (Ω⋅m)
| otherunits =
| symbols = {{mvar|ρ}}
| baseunits = kg⋅m<sup>3</sup>⋅s<sup>−3</sup>⋅A<sup>−2</sup>
| dimension = <math>\mathsf M \mathsf L^3 \mathsf T^{-3} \mathsf I^{-2}</math>
| extensive =
| intensive =
| conserved =
| transformsas =
| derivations = <math>\rho = R \frac{A}{\ell}</math>
}}
{{Infobox physical quantity
| name = Conductivity
| width =
| background =
| image = 
| caption = 
| unit = siemens per metre (S/m)
| otherunits =
| symbols = {{math|''σ, κ, γ''}}
| baseunits = kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅m<sup>−3</sup>⋅s<sup>3</sup>⋅A<sup>2</sup>
| dimension = <math>\mathsf M^{-1} \mathsf L^{-3} \mathsf T^3 \mathsf I^2</math>
| extensive =
| intensive =
| conserved =
| transformsas =
| derivations = <math>\sigma = \frac{1}{\rho}</math>
}}
'''විද්‍යුත් ප්‍රතිරෝධකතාව''' ({{en|electrical resistivity, specific electrical resistance හෝ volume resistivity}}) යනු [[electric current|විද්‍යුත් ධාරාවක්]] ගලා යෑමට යම් ද්‍රව්‍යයක් කෙතරම් තදින් ප්‍රතිරෝධී වන්නේ ද යන්න මනිනු ලබන මූලික ගුණාංගයකි වේ. අඩු ප්‍රතිරෝධීතාවයක් ඇති ද්‍රව්‍යය හරහා පහසුවෙන් විදුලිය ගලා යයි. ප්‍රතිරෝධීතාවය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් 
{{mvar|ρ}}&nbsp;([[Rho (letter)|rho]]) [[Greek alphabet|ග්‍රීක අක්ෂරයෙන්]] දක්වයි. විද්‍යුත් ප්‍රතිරෝධීතාවය සඳහා වන [[SI]] ඒකකය වන්නේ [[ohm|ඕම්]]-[[meter|මීටර]] (Ω⋅m) වේ.<ref>{{cite book | last = Lowrie | first = William |  title = Fundamentals of Geophysics  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=h2-NjUg4RtEC&pg=PA254  | publisher = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-05-2185-902-8  | pages = 254–55 | date = 2007 | access-date = March 24, 2019 }}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite book | first = Narinder | last = Kumar | title = Comprehensive Physics for Class XII  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IryMtwHHngIC&pg=PA282  | date = 2003  | publisher = Laxmi Publications  | location = New Delhi | isbn = 978-81-7008-592-8 | pages = 280–84 | access-date = March 24, 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | first = Eric | last = Bogatin  | title = Signal Integrity: Simplified  | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_IiONSphoB4C&q=Signal%20integrity&pg=PA114 | year = 2004 | publisher = Prentice Hall Professional | isbn = 978-0-13-066946-9 | page = 114 | access-date = March 24, 2019 }}</ref>

'''විද්‍යුත් සන්නායකතාව''' ({{ඉංග්‍රීසි|electrical conductivity හෝ specific conductance}}) යනු විද්‍යුත් ප්‍රතිරෝධකතාවයෙහි අනෙක් පසය.  එනම් එය යම් ද්‍රව්‍යයක විද්‍යුත් ධාරාවක් ගෙන යාමට ඇති හැකියාව වේ. එය සාමාන්‍යයෙන් {{mvar|σ}}&nbsp;([[Sigma (letter)|සිග්මා]]) ග්‍රීක අක්ෂරයෙන් දැක්වේ, නමුත් සමහර විට {{mvar|κ}}&nbsp;([[kappa]]) (විශේෂයෙන්ම electrical engineering) සහ {{mvar|γ}}&nbsp;([[gamma]]) භාවිතා වේ. විද්‍යුත් සන්නායකතාවය සඳහා වන SI ඒකකය වන්නේ [[Siemens (unit)|siemens]] per [[metre]] (S/m) වේ. 

{{anchor|Resistivity and conductivity of various materials}}
==විවිධ ද්‍රව්‍යයන්ගේ ප්‍රතිරෝධීතා සහ සන්නායකතා== <!-- [[Supercapacitor]] links here -->

මෙම වගුව විවිධ ද්‍රව්‍යයන්ගේ {{convert|20|C|F K}} දි ප්‍රතිරෝධීතා ({{mvar|ρ}}), සන්නායකතා සහ [[temperature coefficient]] දක්වයි.

{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ Resistivity, conductivity, and temperature coefficient for several materials
|-
! scope="col" | Material
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Resistivity, {{mvar|ρ}}, <br/>at {{val|20|u=°C}} (Ω·m)
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Conductivity, {{mvar|σ}}, <br/>at {{val|20|u=°C}} (S/m)
! scope="col" data-sort-type="number" | Temperature<br /> coefficient<ref group=lower-alpha>The numbers in this column increase or decrease the [[significand]] portion of the resistivity. For example, at {{convert|30|C|K|abbr=on}}, the resistivity of silver is {{val|1.65|e=-8}}. This is calculated as {{math|1=Δ''ρ'' = ''α'' Δ''T ρ''<sub>0</sub>}} where {{math|''ρ''<sub>0</sub>}} is the resistivity at {{val|20|u=°C}} (in this case) and {{mvar|α}} is the temperature coefficient.</ref> (K<sup>−1</sup>)
! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Reference
|-
! scope="row" | [[Silver|රිදී]]<ref group=lower-alpha>The conductivity of metallic silver is not significantly better than metallic copper for most practical purposes – the difference between the two can be easily compensated for by thickening the copper wire by only 3%. However silver is preferred for exposed electrical contact points because ''corroded'' silver is a tolerable conductor, but corroded copper is a fairly good insulator, like most corroded metals.</ref>
| data-sort-value="0.0000000159"|{{val|1.59|e=-8}} || data-sort-value="6.30E7"|{{val|6.30|e=7}}||data-sort-value="3.80E-3"|{{val|3.80|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway">{{cite book |author=Raymond A. Serway |title=Principles of Physics |edition=2nd |year=1998 |publisher=Saunders College Pub |location=Fort Worth, Texas; London |isbn=978-0-03-020457-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00serw/page/602 602] |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofphys00serw/page/602 }}</ref><ref name="Griffiths">{{cite book|title=Introduction to Electrodynamics|author=David Griffiths|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|year=1999|isbn=978-0-13-805326-0|editor=Alison Reeves|edition=3rd|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|page=[https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel00grif_0/page/286 286]|chapter=7&nbsp;Electrodynamics|oclc=40251748|author-link=David Griffiths (physicist)|orig-year=1981|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontoel00grif_0|chapter-url-access=registration}}<!-- |access-date = 2006-01-29 --></ref>
|-
! scope="row" |[[Copper|තඹ]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Copper is widely used in electrical equipment, building wiring, and telecommunication cables.</ref>
| data-sort-value="0.0000000168"|{{val|1.68|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="5.96E7"|{{val|5.96|e=7}}||data-sort-value="4.04E-3"|{{val|4.04|e=-3}}||<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Matula |first1=R.A. |s2cid=95005999 |title=Electrical resistivity of copper, gold, palladium, and silver |journal=Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |date=1979 |volume=8 |issue=4 |page=1147 |doi=10.1063/1.555614 |bibcode=1979JPCRD...8.1147M}}</ref><ref name="Giancoli">{{cite book|title=Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics|author=Douglas Giancoli|publisher=[[Prentice Hall]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-13-149508-1|editor=Jocelyn Phillips|edition=4th|location=Upper Saddle River, New Jersey|page=658|chapter=25&nbsp;Electric Currents and Resistance|orig-year=1984}}<!--| access-date = 2013-03-04 --></ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Annealing (metallurgy)|Annealed]] [[copper]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Referred to as 100% IACS or ''International Annealed Copper Standard''. The unit for expressing the conductivity of nonmagnetic materials by testing using the [[eddy current]] method. Generally used for temper and alloy verification of aluminium.</ref>
| data-sort-value="0.0000000172"|{{val|1.72|e=-8}} ||data-sort-value="5.80E7"| {{val|5.80|e=7}} || data-sort-value="3.93E-3"|{{val|3.93|e=-3}}|| <ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/copperwiretables31unituoft |title=Copper wire tables |publisher=United States National Bureau of Standards |via=Internet Archive - archive.org (archived 2001-03-10) |access-date=2014-02-03 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gold|රන්]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Despite being less conductive than copper, gold is commonly used in [[electrical contacts]] because it does not easily corrode.</ref>
| data-sort-value="2.44E-8"|{{val|2.44|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="4.11E7"|{{val|4.11|e=7}}||data-sort-value="3.40E-3"|{{val|3.40|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Aluminium|ඇලුමිනියම්]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Commonly used for [[overhead power line]] with steel reinforced [[Aluminium conductor steel-reinforced cable|(ACSR)]]</ref>
| data-sort-value="0.0000000265"|{{val|2.65|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="3.8E7"|{{val|3.77|e=7}}||data-sort-value="3.90E-3"|{{val|3.90|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Calcium]]
| data-sort-value="0.0000000336"|{{val|3.36|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="2.98E7"|{{val|2.98|e=7}}||data-sort-value="4.10E-3"|{{val|4.10|e=-3}}||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tungsten]]
| data-sort-value="0.0000000560"|{{val|5.60|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.79E7"|{{val|1.79|e=7}}||data-sort-value="4.50E-3"|{{val|4.50|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Zinc|තුත්තනාගම්]]
| data-sort-value="0.0000000590"|{{val|5.90|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.69E7"|{{val|1.69|e=7}}||data-sort-value="3.70E-3"|{{val|3.70|e=-3}}||<ref>[http://physics.mipt.ru/S_III/t Physical constants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123121944/http://physics.mipt.ru/S_III/t |date=2011-11-23 }}. (PDF format; see page&nbsp;2, table in the right lower corner). Retrieved on 2011-12-17.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Cobalt]]{{#tag:ref|[[Cobalt]] and [[ruthenium]] are considered to replace [[copper]] in [[integrated circuits]] fabricated in advanced nodes{{#tag:ref|[https://semiwiki.com/semiconductor-services/ic-knowledge/7569-iitc-imec-presents-copper-cobalt-and-ruthenium-interconnect-results/ IITC&nbsp;– Imec Presents Copper, Cobalt and Ruthenium Interconnect Results]}}|group=lower-alpha|name=ic}}
| data-sort-value="0.0000000624"|{{val|6.24|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.60E7"|{{val|1.60|e=7}}||data-sort-value="7.00E-3"|{{val|7.00|e=-3}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/basic_concepts/resistance/resistance-resistivity-temperature-coefficient.php|title = Temperature Coefficient of Resistance &#124; Electronics Notes}}</ref><br>{{unreliable source?|date=April 2020}}||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nickel|නිකල්]]
| data-sort-value="0.0000000699"|{{val|6.99|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.43E7"|{{val|1.43|e=7}}||data-sort-value="6.00E-3"|{{val|6.00|e=-3}}||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Ruthenium]]{{#tag:ref||group=lower-alpha|name=ic}}
| data-sort-value="0.0000000710"|{{val|7.10|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.41E7"|{{val|1.41|e=7}}||<!-- temp.co.=? -->||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lithium]]
| data-sort-value="0.0000000928"|{{val|9.28|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.08E7"|{{val|1.08|e=7}}||data-sort-value="6.00E-3"|{{val|6.00|e=-3}}||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Iron|යකඩ]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000097"|{{val|9.70|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.03E7"|{{val|1.03|e=7}}||data-sort-value="5.00E-3"|{{val|5.00|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Platinum|ප්ලැටිනම්]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000106"|{{val|10.6|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="9.43E6"|{{val|9.43|e=6}}||data-sort-value="3.92E-3"|{{val|3.92|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Tin]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000109"|{{val|10.9|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="9.17E6"|{{val|9.17|e=6}}||data-sort-value="4.50E-3"|{{val|4.50|e=-3}}||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Gallium]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000140"|{{val|14.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="7.10E6"|{{val|7.10|e=6}}||data-sort-value="4.00E-3"|{{val|4.00|e=-3}}||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Niobium]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000140"|{{val|14.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="7.00E6"|{{val|7.00|e=6}}||||<ref>[https://www.plansee.com/en/materials/niobium.html Material properties of niobium.]</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Carbon steel]] (1010)
| data-sort-value="0.000000143"|{{val|14.3|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="6.99E6"|{{val|6.99|e=6}}||||<ref>[http://www.matweb.com/search/DataSheet.aspx?MatGUID=025d4a04c2c640c9b0eaaef28318d761 AISI 1010 Steel, cold drawn]. Matweb</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Lead|ඊයම්]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000220"|{{val|22.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="4.55E6"|{{val|4.55|e=6}}||data-sort-value="3.90E-3"|{{val|3.90|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" |  [[Galinstan]]
| data-sort-value=28.9E-7 | {{val|28.9|e=-8}}
| data-sort-value=3.46E6  | {{val|3.46|e=6}}
|
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karcher|first1=Ch.|last2=Kocourek|first2=V.|date=December 2007|title=Free-surface instabilities during electromagnetic shaping of liquid metals|journal=Proceedings in Applied Mathematics and Mechanics |volume=7|issue=1|pages=4140009–4140010|doi=10.1002/pamm.200700645|issn=1617-7061|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Titanium]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000420"|{{val|42.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="2.38E6"|{{val|2.38|e=6}}||0data-sort-value="3.90E-3"|{{val|3.80|e=-3}}||
|-
! scope="row" | Grain oriented [[electrical steel]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000460"|{{val|46.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="2.17E6"|{{val|2.17|e=6}}||||<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jfe-steel.co.jp/en/products/electrical/catalog/f1e-001.pdf |title=JFE steel |access-date=2012-10-20}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Manganin]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000482"|{{val|48.2|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="2.07E6"|{{val|2.07|e=6}}||data-sort-value="0.002E-3"|{{val|0.002|e=-3}}||<ref name="giancoli">{{cite book | author=Douglas C. Giancoli | title=Physics: Principles with Applications | edition=4th | year=1995 | publisher=Prentice Hall | location=London | isbn=978-0-13-102153-2 | url=https://archive.org/details/physicsprinciple00gian_0 }}<br>(see also [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/rstiv.html Table of Resistivity]. hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu)
</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Constantan]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000490"|{{val|49.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="2.04E6"|{{val|2.04|e=6}}||data-sort-value="0.008E-3"|{{val|0.008|e=-3}}||<ref>John O'Malley (1992) ''Schaum's outline of theory and problems of basic circuit analysis'', p. 19, McGraw-Hill Professional, {{ISBN|0-07-047824-4}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Stainless steel]]<ref group=lower-alpha>18% chromium and 8% nickel austenitic stainless steel</ref>
| data-sort-value="0.000000690"|{{val|69.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.45E6"|{{val|1.45|e=6}}||data-sort-value="0.94E-3"|{{val|0.94|e=-3}}||<ref>Glenn Elert (ed.), [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/UmranUgur.shtml "Resistivity of steel"], ''The Physics Factbook'', retrieved and [https://web.archive.org/web/20110606042043/http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2006/UmranUgur.shtml archived] 16 June 2011.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Mercury (element)|Mercury]]
| data-sort-value="0.000000980"|{{val|98.0|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="1.02E6"|{{val|1.02|e=6}}||data-sort-value="0.90E-3"|{{val|0.90|e=-3}}||<ref name="giancoli"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Manganese]]
| data-sort-value="0.00000144"|{{val|144|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="6.94E5"|{{val|6.94|e=5}}||  ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[Nichrome]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Nickel-iron-chromium alloy commonly used in heating elements.</ref>
| data-sort-value="0.0000011"|{{val|110|e=-8}}||data-sort-value="6.70E5"|{{val|6.70|e=5}}<br>{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}||data-sort-value="0.40E-3"|{{val|0.40|e=-3}}||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Graphite|Carbon (graphite)]]<br>parallel to [[basal plane]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Graphite is strongly anisotropic.</ref>
| data-sort-value="2.5E-6"|{{val|250|e=-8}} to {{val|500|e=-8}} ||data-sort-value="2E5"|{{val|2|e=5}} to {{val|3|e=5}}<br>{{citation needed|date=September 2018}}|| ||<ref name=Pierson>Hugh O. Pierson, ''Handbook of carbon, graphite, diamond, and fullerenes: properties, processing, and applications'', p. 61, William Andrew, 1993 {{ISBN|0-8155-1339-9}}.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Amorphous carbon|Carbon (amorphous)]]
| data-sort-value="5E-4"|{{val|0.5|e=-3}} to {{val|0.8|e=-3}} <!-- 3.5×10<sup>−5</sup> Serway figure removed because unclear what form of carbon is being referenced-->||data-sort-value="1.25E3"|{{val|1.25|e=3}} to {{val|2.00|e=3}}||data-sort-value="-0.50E-3"|{{val|-0.50|e=-3}} ||<ref name="serway"/><ref>Y. Pauleau, Péter B. Barna, P. B. Barna (1997) ''Protective coatings and thin films: synthesis, characterization, and applications'', p. 215, Springer, {{ISBN|0-7923-4380-8}}.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Graphite|Carbon (graphite)]]<br>perpendicular to basal plane
| data-sort-value="3E-3"|{{val|3.0|e=-3}}|| data-sort-value="3.3E2" |{{val|3.3|e=2}}|| ||<ref name=Pierson/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[GaAs]]
| data-sort-value="0.001"|{{val|e=-3}} to {{val|e=8}}<br>{{clarify|date=October 2021}}||data-sort-value="1E-8"|{{val|e=-8}} to {{val|e=3}}<br>{{dubious|date=October 2021}}|| ||<ref name="Ohring">{{cite book | author = Milton Ohring | title = Engineering materials science, Volume 1| edition = 3rd | year = 1995 | page = 561|isbn=978-0125249959|publisher=Academic Press}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Germanium]]<ref name="semi" group=lower-alpha>The resistivity of [[semiconductor]]s depends strongly on the presence of [[Impurity|impurities]] in the material.</ref>
| data-sort-value="4.6E-1"|{{val|4.6|e=-1}}||2.17||data-sort-value="-48.0E-3"|{{val|-48.0|e=-3}} ||<ref name="serway"/><ref name="Griffiths"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sea water]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Corresponds to an average salinity of 35&nbsp;g/kg at {{val|20|u=°C}}.</ref>
| data-sort-value="2E-1"|{{val|2.1|e=-1}}|| data-sort-value="4.8" |{{val|4.8}}|| ||<ref>[http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html Physical properties of sea water] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118072121/http://www.kayelaby.npl.co.uk/general_physics/2_7/2_7_9.html |date=2018-01-18 }}. Kayelaby.npl.co.uk. Retrieved on 2011-12-17.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | Swimming pool water<ref group=lower-alpha>The pH should be around 8.4 and the conductivity in the range of 2.5–3&nbsp;mS/cm. The lower value is appropriate for freshly prepared water. The conductivity is used for the determination of TDS (total dissolved particles).</ref>
| data-sort-value="4E-1"|{{val|3.3|e=-1}} to {{val|4.0|e=-1}}||data-sort-value="0.25"|{{val|0.25}} to {{val|0.30}}||||<ref>[http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/28333/electrical-conductivity-of-pool-water]. chemistry.stackexchange.com</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Drinking water]]<ref group=lower-alpha>This value range is typical of high quality drinking water and not an indicator of water quality</ref>
| data-sort-value="2E1"|{{val|2|e=1}} to {{val|2|e=3}}||data-sort-value="5E-4"|{{val|5|e=-4}} to {{val|5|e=-2}}|| ||{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}
|-
! scope="row" | [[Silicon]]<ref name="semi" group=lower-alpha/>
| data-sort-value="2.3E3"|{{val|2.3|e=3}}||data-sort-value="4.35E-4"|{{val|4.35|e=-4}}||data-sort-value="-75.0E-3"|{{val|-75.0|e=-3}}|| <ref name="Eranna2014">{{cite book|author=Eranna, Golla |title=Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bo6ZBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA7|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-4822-3281-3|page=7}}</ref><ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Wood|Wood (damp)]]
| data-sort-value="1E3"|{{val|e=3}} to {{val|e=4}}||data-sort-value="1E-4"|{{val|e=-4}} to {{val|e=-3}}||||<ref name="Transmission Lines data">[http://www.transmission-line.net/2011/07/electrical-properties-of-wood-poles.html Transmission Lines data] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220112708/http://www.transmission-line.net/2011/07/electrical-properties-of-wood-poles.html |date=2019-12-20 }}. Transmission-line.net. Retrieved on 2014-02-03.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Deionized water]]<ref group=lower-alpha>Conductivity is lowest with monatomic gases present; changes to {{val|12|e=-5}} upon complete de-gassing, or to {{val|7.5|e=-5}} upon equilibration to the atmosphere due to dissolved CO<sub>2</sub></ref>
| data-sort-value="1.8E5"|{{val|1.8|e=5}}||data-sort-value="4.2E-5"|{{val|4.2|e=-5}}|| ||<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1021/jp045975a|title=De-Gassed Water is a Better Cleaning Agent|year=2005|author1=R. M. Pashley |author2=M. Rzechowicz |author3=L. R. Pashley |author4=M. J. Francis |journal=The Journal of Physical Chemistry B|volume=109|pmid=16851085|issue=3|pages=1231–8}}</ref>
|- 
! scope="row" | [[Ultrapure_water#Conductivity/resistivity|Ultrapure water]]
| data-sort-value="1.82E9"|{{val|1.82|e=9}}||data-sort-value="5.49E-10"|{{val|5.49|e=-10}}|| ||<ref>ASTM D1125 Standard Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of Water</ref><ref>ASTM D5391 Standard Test Method for Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity of a Flowing High Purity Water Sample</ref>
|- 
! scope="row" | [[Glass]]
| data-sort-value="1E11"|{{val|e=11}} to {{val|e=15}}||data-sort-value="1E-11"|{{val|e=-15}} to {{val|e=-11}} || ||<ref name="serway"/><ref name="Griffiths"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Diamond|Carbon (diamond)]]
| data-sort-value="1E12"|{{val|e=12}}||data-sort-value="1E-13"|~{{val|e=-13}}|| ||<ref>Lawrence S. Pan, Don R. Kania, ''Diamond: electronic properties and applications'', p. 140, Springer, 1994 {{ISBN|0-7923-9524-7}}.</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Hard rubber]]
| data-sort-value="1E13"|{{val|e=13}}||data-sort-value="1E-14"|{{val|e=-14}}|| ||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Air]]
| data-sort-value="1E9"|{{val|e=9}} to {{val|e=15}}|| data-sort-value="1E-15" |~{{val|e=-15}} to {{val|e=-9}}|| ||<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1029/2007JD009716|title=Effect of relative humidity and sea level pressure on electrical conductivity of air over Indian Ocean|year=2009|author1=S. D. Pawar |author2=P. Murugavel |author3=D. M. Lal |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=114|issue=D2|pages=D02205|bibcode=2009JGRD..114.2205P|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1002/2016EA000241|title=What we can learn from measurements of air electric conductivity in 222Rn ‐ rich atmosphere|journal=Earth and Space Science|volume=4|issue=2|pages=91–106|year=2016|author1=E. Seran|author2=M. Godefroy|author3=E. Pili|bibcode=2017E&SS....4...91S|doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Wood|Wood (oven dry)]]
| data-sort-value="1E14"|{{val|e=14}} to {{val|e=16}}||data-sort-value="1E-16"|{{val|e=-16}} to {{val|e=-14}}||||<ref name="Transmission Lines data"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Sulfur]]
| data-sort-value="1E15"|{{val|e=15}}||data-sort-value="1E-16"|{{val|e=-16}}|| ||<ref name="serway"/>
|- 
! scope="row" | [[Fused quartz]]
| data-sort-value="7.5E17"|{{val|7.5|e=17}}||data-sort-value="1.3E-18"|{{val|1.3|e=-18}}|| ||<ref name="serway"/>
|-
! scope="row" | [[Polyethylene terephthalate|PET]]
| data-sort-value="1E21"|{{val|e=21}}||data-sort-value="1E-21"|{{val|e=-21}}|| ||
|-
! scope="row" | [[PTFE]] (teflon)
| data-sort-value="1E23"|{{val|e=23}} to {{val|e=25}}||data-sort-value="1E-25"|{{val|e=-25}} to {{val|e=-23}}|| ||
|}

==ආශ්‍රිත==
{{colbegin}}
* [[Charge transport mechanisms]]
* [[Chemiresistor]]
* [[Permittivity#Classification of materials|Classification of materials based on permittivity]]
* [[Conductivity near the percolation threshold]]
* [[Contact resistance]]
* [[Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)]]
* [[Electrical resistivity tomography]]
* [[Sheet resistance]]
* [[SI electromagnetism units]]
* [[Skin effect]]
* [[Spitzer resistivity]]
* [[Dielectric strength]]
{{colend}}

== සටහන් ==
{{Notelist}}

==මූලාශ්‍ර==
{{Reflist}}

==භාහිර සබැඳි==
{{Wikibooks |A-level Physics (Advancing Physics)/Resistivity and Conductivity}}
* {{cite web|title=Electrical Conductivity|url=http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/conductivity.htm|work=Sixty Symbols|year=2010|publisher=[[Brady Haran]] for the [[University of Nottingham]]}}
*[http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=conductivity+sulfur%2C+silicon%2C+copper&lk=3 Comparison of the electrical conductivity of various elements in WolframAlpha]
*{{Cite web|url=https://www.uio.no/studier/emner/matnat/kjemi/KJM5120/v09/undervisningsmateriale/Defects-and-transport-2009-Ch6-Electrical-conductivity.pdf|title=Electrical conductivity|last=Partial and total conductivity}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Electrical resistance and conductance|*]]
[[Category:Physical quantities]]
[[Category:Materials science]]